The Roots of Poverty and Globalization - 2272 Words

The Question: Globalization and poverty Once the Era of apartheid had come to an end in 1994 the internationally development community entered South Africa promoting the microcredit model with high hopes to empower the poorest black communities to break loose from the poverty spiral, however the Microcredit model was seen to be having the complete opposite effect, ultimately causing incredible damage to the area. The microcredit model was supposed to be the means of bringing sustainable development to the extreme poor areas. The model has been named the â€Å"anti-development† intervention (1), because in practice it has only shown that it supports consumption spending. The poor are worse off than ever before; to keep up with the obligations of repaying their microloans, they are forced to sell the few assets they own or borrow money from friends or relatives or even worse take up new microloans in order to pay for the old ones. This is not the only downfall of this type of so called sustainable development; another problem that emerges from this is that the actual businesses emerging form microloans are anything but businesses elevating poverty. The type of business that has been arising from the microloans have only created hyper-competition amongst all the new businesses as well as the old ones, leaving about 40% of the South African population repaying debt. The poorest and most vulnerable are left behind to take care of themselves drowning in debt, while the private banksShow MoreRelatedTerrorism: Root Causes. There Is Not One Commonly Used1326 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism: Root Causes There is not one commonly used definition for terrorism. Within the US government, each agency has its own definition, and around the world there are countless others. 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It is an interesting topic to study, as you will know the reason behind by the following quotes: ‘Over the past 20 years, the number of people living on less than $1 a day has fallen by 200 million, after rising steadily for 200 years’ (James Wolfenson, president of World BankRead MoreGlobalization: We Must Find the Balance Between Benefits and Costs1100 Words   |  5 Pages Globalization as generally understood involves the increasing interaction of the worlds peoples through their national economic systems. Of necessity, these economic systems are reasonably compatible and, in at least some important respects, market oriented. During the past half-century, barriers to trade and to financial flows have generally come down, resulting in a significant broadening of world markets. 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Globalization is the process or act in which values, technologies, and businesses spread internationally; connecting, sharing ideas and technologies and moving from their domestic roots to establish a worldwide influence as they expand theirRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Wo rld1244 Words   |  5 Pageshave access to similar services and products. Let it be fashion, entertainment of even food. Everybody is adopting similar habits. That’s the power of globalization. Globalization is the process by which the world is interconnected through technology and powerful infrastructure for the purpose of communicating and managing resources. Globalization seems to talk about several vibrant phenomena which ensure two major components. Firstly, they function across national boundaries and secondly, they result

Marketing Management for Travel and Tourism

Question: Descrone the identification of Segmentation, Key target audience and brand positioning for Victoria and Albert Museum. Answer: Segmentation: Market segmentation is one of the major components for obtaining the profitable outcome in the business. With the involvement of the key market segmentation, most of the businesses could focus on their objectives in an efficient manner (Cross, Belich and Rudelius 2015). On the other hand, the market segmentation facilitates the organization for enhancing the competitiveness in the market. Victoria and Albert Museum, London is one of the largest museums in the world that consists of decorative arts and design. The museum was established in 1852, and it has more than 4.5 million objects (Victoria and Albert Museum 2016). The VA museum has made many improvements for enhancing the business opportunity in an effective manner. By analyzing the marketing segmentation, it can be assessed that the particular museum has conducted two segmentations. The prime segmentation indicates the visitors of Londons leading cultural venues including Victoria and Albert Museum (Krumeich et al. 2012). On the other hand, second segmentation suggests a particular community who go out to different venues in London. It can be identified that the first segmentation indicates as the most disposed towards the museum called Victoria and Albert Museum. Victoria and Albert Museum has huge ancients collections including architecture, British Galleries, Ceramics, Fashion and Jewelers, Furniture, Glass and Metalwork, ancient sculpture and textiles, etc (Victoria and Albert Museum 2016). Hence, it can be assessed that the museum has a huge attractive collection that engages huge numbers of visitors. Through the engagement of improving different aspects of the museum, the particular organization has experienced enhanced business opportunities in an efficient manner. Although the organization has ensured the adequate profit maximization, the management has been trying to expand its business opportunities within a short timeline. By analyzing the recent report, the organization has total visitors of 3,432,325 as of 2015, which is ranked 6th nationally and 11th globally (Victoria and Albert Museum 2016). Hence, the enhanced strategy implementation could facilitate the organization for segmenting the markets in an appropriate manner. The man agement of the organization has discussed that the marketing segmentation includes several beneficial aspects including market expansion, enhancing competitiveness, improving better communication and increase profitability (Sako 2012). Key target audience: Art viewership can be categorized as a complex interaction between the work of art and the viewers. In the arts, target audience segmentation depends on the different factors. The target customers of the museum are professors, students, and others art lovers (Hooper-Greenhill 2013). Moreover, the management has discussed that they consider different aspects including sophistication, knowledge, and a desire and appreciate the objective being viewed. The prime purpose of the target audience is to create the value of the particular art that enhances the business opportunities in an appropriate manner (Black 2012). With the involvement of the target marketing, Museum can enhance the visitors in the business. Victoria and Albert Museum has been facing challenges in enhancing the viewership for obtaining the profitable outcome in the business. The particular museum has segregated the audience into two sections. The first segment indicates the group of potential donors, who are heavily involved in the museum activities. Although the group is small, it generates the far more revenues and profits to the museum. The management of the Museum has agreed with the fact that they feel easier to serve this group than to serve the public. On the other hand, the second type of audience can be categorized as public, who attend museum to be entertained and to be educated (Evans, Bridson and Rentschler 2012). Although the potential donors are the important part of the business, the management has focused on enhancing the mass market in an efficient manner. In this context, the Museum has engaged huge viewers from Asian countries and Europe. The management of the organization has discussed that their pote ntial donors have similar demographics including high educated, high-income executives, and professionals from Arts field (Hassan and Craft 2012). On the other hand, the development committee of the museum has stated that they have been trying to design different programs offering benefits for being involved with the Victoria and Albert Museum. Brand positioning: Brand positioning is one of the key factors for upholding the same profitability in the business in a competitive environment. By discussing the brand positioning, it can be evaluated that the organization could face difficulties for maximizing the profit in an efficient manner (Sako 2012). Victoria and Albert Museum competes with the several cultural institutions, natural history museum for retaining their brand value in the international platform. There are some key steps for obtaining successful brand positioning such as follows: Identification of the direct competitors Understanding how each competitor positions their brand Comparing the positioning with the competitors Developing the value based distinct positioning areas Crafting a brand positioning statement for maintaining the business Finally, the organization is required to test the efficacy of brand positioning statement Victoria and Albert Museum create a brand positioning statement depending on several factors including target customers, market definition, brand promise and reason to believe. With the involvement of the effective brand positioning statement, Victoria and Albert Museum could enhance the business opportunity in an efficient manner (Cross, Belich and Rudelius 2015). The Museum is the third largest museum of decorative arts and design. Consequently, it engages a high viewership in the business, which has facilitated the organization to enhance profit maximization in an efficient manner (Black 2012). The organization has engaged several media activities for promoting the brand on the global platform. The management of the museum has described that they focus on the online promotions for enhancing the business opportunity in an efficient manner (Hassan and Craft 2012). On the other hand, the social media platforms including Facebook, Twitter have facilitated the organization to enhance t he brand promotion across the global platform. Moreover, they have engaged the local printing and digital media for improving the brand positioning in the domestic platform. by analyzing the recent report, it can be assessed that the Victoria and Albert Museum has experienced 3,432,325 visitors in 2015 (Victoria and Albert Museum 2016). Moreover, they are expecting that brand positioning would facilitate them in enhancing the viewership in coming years. References: Black, G., 2012.Transforming museums in the twenty-first century. Routledge. Cross, J.C., Belich, T.J. and Rudelius, W., 2015. How marketing managers use market segmentation: an exploratory study. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 531-536). Springer International Publishing. Evans, J., Bridson, K. and Rentschler, R., 2012. Drivers, impediments and manifestations of brand orientation: An international museum study.European Journal of Marketing,46(11/12), pp.1457-1475. Hassan, S.S. and Craft, S., 2012. Examining world market segmentation and brand positioning strategies.Journal of Consumer marketing,29(5), pp.344-356. Hooper-Greenhill, E., 2013.Museums and their visitors. Routledge. Krumeich, J., Burkhart, T., Werth, D. and Loos, P., 2012. Towards a component-based description of business models: a state-of-the-art analysis. Sako, M., 2012. Business models for strategy and innovation.Communications of the ACM,55(7), pp.22-24. Victoria and Albert Museum. (2016).VA The world's leading museum of art and design. [online] Available at: https://www.vam.ac.uk/ [Accessed on 2 Jul. 2016].

Mass Migrations and Demographic Challenges

Introduction For several decades now, the world has been experiencing mass migration. Mass migration is no longer a new phenomenon since it has existed for several decades, dating back to the 18th century to 20th century with numerous reasons aligning this migration (Bertocchi and Strozzi 2).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Mass Migrations and Demographic Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Historically, this movement was conventionally nomadic with pastoralists moving in search of pasture and water. Currently, the contemporary migration does not associate with the historical form of migration. With the existing global state of socio-economical exertion, environmental calamities, political issues, insecurity, and persecutions worldwide, several cities and towns across the world experience an influx in population (Hatton and Williamson 6). This mass migration of citizens from one region to another , specifically migration to towns, is in most cases associated with several negative impacts including demographic challenges, insecurity, and even environmental crises. Even though migration is a politically and socially contested issue, it is unknown as to when it will end. This essay seeks to exploit mass migration in relation to demographic challenges. Overview of Mass Migration Human mass migration is the physical movement of people from one region to another. Historically, human migration was nomadic with pastoralists covering several kilometers to access pasture and water. However, nowadays things have changed with the world witnessing massive people migration from rural suburbs to urban environs (Department of Economic and Social Affairs 56-75). Nations across the world, both in developing and developed countries, have received this aspect with mixed reactions with several governments getting confused on what measures to take as international immigration seems a crucial matt er. This element has thus become a major challenge with most governments failing to provide accurate strategies to overcome human migration. Another term covering human migration is international migration, which defines how individuals or groups of persons move from country to country (Department of Economic and Social Affairs 148). There are numerous reasons to considerable factors that trigger this migration with each continent or country bearing different judgments. Migration in a country depicts the place’s openness, modernity, and its enthusiasm towards adapting to global economic evolution.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Causes of Mass Migration Numerous factors have led to migration of people around the globe. Economical differences and demographic factors are the major challenges towards curbing migration in the world (Hatton and Williamson 11). The pre vailing status of socio-economic differences and the existing environmental hardships have continuously triggered mass migration. Cities in developing and underdeveloped countries are economically unfit, thus forcing citizens to shift from their respective countries to other countries, which are prospering economically. According to Bakker, Elings-Pels, and Reis, people migrate to â€Å"seek better economic and educational opportunities† (5). The realm of population growth and economic hardships in developing countries have greatly imparted on the trends of international migration with individuals believing in better socio-economic status of those residing in towns. The world population might eventually grow from 6.555 billion to 9.243 billion in the year 2050 if corrective measures are not enforced (Smith 620). People associate London and New York with immense historical social, cultural, and economical strengths. This conception pulls immigrants into these two cities in sea rch for better lives. Side A: Against migration As immigration tends to harbor some imperativeness, the negatives associated to this practice are non-ignorable. Several studies have demonstrated how migration is more harmful than assumed. Immigration and migration practices are associated with numerous misfortunes and repercussions (Hatton and Jeffrey 22). Starting with population and city governance, immigrants have caused problems towards the management of population in cities. City councils and the respective governing bodies have received extreme challenges in controlling urban population, which mostly results from population surge caused by immigrants. Due to increased population in towns and cities, government expenditure budgets shoot to enhance basic improvements and accommodate the residents around cities (Martin and Widgre 34). The cities or local authorities face the task of ensuring that there is a maximum security, thus migration forces these authorities to increase the ir budget to suit the demanding needs of the city. Some quarters opine that most cities have been unable to manage census activities, which play significant roles in maintaining population size, with evidence indicating inaccurate figures of numerous cities’ censuses. Statistics reveal that recently, international immigration has posed a danger to the world’s largest cities including New York in the US and London in England.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Mass Migrations and Demographic Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In London, estimates divulge that for a period of about 20 years, the published TIM series â€Å"suggest that London (with just 12 per cent of the national population) was associated with 40 per cent of the inflows, 30 per cent of the outflows, and absorbed 67 per cent of the net balance of overseas immigration† (Gordon, Travers, and Whitehead 21). This as pect depicts that there are several immigrants finding their way into England. This aspect only associate with the continuing supremacy of New York and London, by managing this population through provision sustainable labor, but threatening to the natives. In special attention to New York, the city is only benefitting from growth in tax margins as the population grows and economic performances prosper. However, New York also spends a lot in maintaining the population by providing maximum security and employment. Migration is also a threat to security. Due to the influx of population into big cities and migration to developed countries, controlling insecurity is a problem. Cases of terrorism attacks, cruel murders, assassinations, kidnappings, persecution, and racial and religious conflicts are eminent security matters bothering growing cities and towns. Big towns and cities are hiding places for criminals and insurgents who migrate to towns to commit their crimes. Martin and Widgre note that in the process of migrating into developed countries, â€Å"migrants attempting to sail or march into rich countries, threaten their security† (5). This aspect forces the respective countries to overspend in their budget to increase vigilance (Bauer and Zimmermann 7), which may in turn lead to economic constraints. In developed countries, especially the United States, estimates reveal that the state’s expenditure on security issues is continuously increasing, and billions of dollars consumed in an attempt to maintain peace and security (Karoly 7). Migration has also led to congestion in the city suburbs resulting to insecurity. Migration has also resulted in increased living costs and poor living standards that are threatening the social standards expected in every nation. Generally, the housing structures and resources available in these cities rarely manage to accommodate the population increase resulting from migration. According to Gordon, Travers, and Wh itehead, since the respective governments cannot afford to construct adequate rentals for the population, privatization of land appears to dominate most cities and towns (42). As a result, of land privatization, there is an increased rental rate. In developing countries, private rental sectors become opportunistic to the existing population pressures in towns, thus engaging in developing sub-standard shelters including slums, shanties, and others where low income earners residing in these towns seek asylum.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This situation tends to affect the living standards of people for there is a significant increase in insecurity, poor healthcare, and poverty. Most commonly, due to population surge, immigrants in developing countries suffer from poor living standards due to their low-income status resulting from low paying jobs. Side B: For migration Studies carried across the world have ignited an endless debate about mass migration. Some people support the movement while others oppose it. Bauer and Zimmermann assert that mass migration has led to some inevitable significance based on facts to support this importance (22). Several cities across the world have benefitted from this migration in different dimensions. To begin with, mass migration has significantly influenced economic growth of cities receiving migrants. Increase in population rates in these cities has led to success in overall economic terms on one hand. The migration aspect associates world big cities, especially London and New York , with powerful economic achievements. According to Gordon, Travers, and Whitehead, migration into such cities is due to â€Å"their openness, economic vitality, existing cultural diversity and concentrations of economic and social power† (9). These cities gain economic progress through taxation. London authorities receive additional tax acquiesce due to subsequent growth in their council tax that may result from increased city population. Still on economic terms, some migrants visit places not due to their poor economical issues, but rather as tourists. Globally, countries commonly acknowledge that tourists form the backbone of economic growth. However, this aspect is mainly beneficial to developing countries as they receive funds and foreign exchange resulting from tourists’ visits into their countries. Karoly asserts that immigrants have improved labor markets in the countries involved because immigrants have are distinct sources of labor (7). According to studies c arried on labor importation practiced by European countries in early 1950s and 1960, â€Å"more elastic labor supply allowed faster economic growth without inflation† (Gordon, Travers, and Whitehead 47). With the absence of barriers to social and economic issues, these immigrants provide a sustainable source of labor to the respective countries, thus improving the labor force. Despite the large supply of labor by immigrants to cities like London and New York, there is no evidence that indicates that migrants are the cause of increased unemployment rates in these regions. Migration has harmonized peaceful co-existence between countries. Due to the aspect of migration, different races have the opportunity to share their cultural experiences cohesively enabling them to live peacefully with each other as communities. Globalization has enabled people to realize different opportunities across the world and enhance peaceful co-existence between races and nations with tourists playin g a major role. Martin and Widgre assert, â€Å"Tourism has become a major industry, as people cross national borders to experience new cultures or the wonders of nature† (8). The growing trend in migration has influenced how individuals live and imparted some significant changes in cultural values of communities, tribes, and races. In cities like London and New York, immigration has enhanced social housing and social mix of people from different edges of the world (Hatton and Williamson 19). Despite the negative views of numerous studies on immigration, its importance is not ignorable as peaceful integration and cohesion among nations is of great importance of which immigration has influenced. The current world has experienced massive changes in relation to environmental issues. Smith asserts, â€Å"As climate change and its associated processes result in more intense storms, sea level rise, or other cataclysmic environmental events, as some scientific studies are predictin g, these events are likely to generate large numbers of environmental migrants or refugees† (618). This observation is viable because such environmental hazards threaten human lives forcing people to migrate from their abodes in search of better places. Climate change adversely affects the availability of natural resources that significantly support life. Therefore, in the context of changes in climate, several calamities occur including floods, which do not favor agricultural wellness, thus forcing migrants to move to towns or big cities to fight for their fate, causing great population surge in the towns (Ward 6). Therefore, as human as quality of life remains the most important, migration protects people from hazards that are threat to life. Personal Opinion Migration is arguably among the worlds biggest contemporary issues. Almost every country is suffering from this global challenge and is often a politically contested subject in the world. According to the U.S. statistic s, â€Å"about a third of the 191 million international migrants today have moved from one developing country to another, with another third moving from developing to developed countries† (Smith 619). People, especially leaders, have received immigration with different perceptions and opinions with some objecting and others proposing to it. However, none is to blame for this confusion since the world is still growing and the majority of people hardly know how challenging the immigration subject seems. As cities security, annual expenditures, and the welfare of the native remain crucial, survival of every human being and quality of life is more important. Both the merits and demerits of migration are equally important towards ensuring survival. In fact, the world is far from fully maturing economically, and thus migration is currently an insurmountable problem. It might eventually end depending on the pace at which the world grows and the strategies put in place to counter the problem. Personally, I do not think immigration is a bad thing and with proper planning and policymaking, any country can reap from the benefits of immigration. Conclusion Migration is among the most politically and socially contested matters in the current world of globalization. Migration, which implies movement of people from region to another, has proved challenging to numerous countries across the world. European countries entertained migration after the Second World War, with a major aim of acquiring labor force from persons from developing countries. This move could not come at a better time as people living under stressful and tight socio-economic in third world countries would do anything to get to Europe. Migration has enhanced economic growth in developed countries by providing powerful labor force, improved taxation rates that are significant financial support to local authorities, and encouraged peaceful co-existence, which is vital for economic interdependence among n ations. However, migration has led to other serious problems in big cities and towns including increased government expenditures, upheavals in maintaining peace and security, and poor living standards of immigrants living in these towns and capital cities. Therefore, governments need to come up with an appropriate solution to migration dilemma. Works Cited Bakker, Caroline, Martina Elings-Pels, and Michele Reis. The Impact of migration on  Children in the Caribbean, 2009. Web. Bauer, Thomas, and Klaus Zimmermann. Assessment of Possible Migration  Pressure and its Labor Market Impact Following EU Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe, 1999. Web. Bertocchi, Graziella, and Chiara Strozzi. The Age of Mass Migration: Economic and  Institutional Determinants, 2006. Web. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. â€Å"Population distribution, urbanization,  Internal migration and development: An internal perspective, 2011. Web. Gordon, Ian, Tony Travers, and Christine Whitehe ad. The Impact of Recent  Immigration on the London Economy, 2007. Web. Hatton, Timothy, and Geoffrey Williamson. The Age of Mass Migration: Causes and  Economic Impact. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print. Karoly, Lorant. The demographic challenge in Europe, 2005. Web. Martin, Philip, and Jonas Widgre. â€Å"International Migration: Facing the Challenge.†Ã‚  The population reference bureau 57.1 (2002): 3-40. Print. Smith, Paul. â€Å"Climate Change, Mass Migration and the Military Response.† Orbis  51.4 (2007): 617-633. Print. Ward, David. Population Growth, Migration and Urbanization, 2012. Web. 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buy custom Mark Haddon essay Research indicates that Mark Haddon was born in 1962 in Northampton. He graduated in 1981 with a BA in English at Merton College, Oxford. He then graduated in Literature in English in Edinburgh University for his Masters. Mark Haddon is a renowned illustrator, screenwriter and author. Apart from his bestselling novel The Curious of The Dog in The Night-Time, mark Haddon has written other books some of which include the Boom, The Red House, The sea of Tranquility and The Real Porky Philips. The Red House is about Richard who is a wealthy medical doctor. He invites for a week of vacation his separated sister Angela plus her amily. Richard has inherited a stepdaughter after remarrying. On the other hand, Angela has three children who seem unfamiliar to her sometimes and an incompetent husband. The Novel is set for 7days of bitterness and guilt. Another of his books, The Boom is about two young best friends, Jim and Charlie. They believe that in the staffroom their teachers talk smack about them. They then bang hard the staffroom and consequently discover their teachers are aliens. In the Sea of Tranquility, Haddon highlights his childhood, appeal with the accomplishment of humankinds initial landing on the moon in 1969. In the tale, the boy has a picture of the solar system and coordination on his wall and daydreams of the intrigues of being in astronaut. Collective with this storyline are details on landing, counting exciting tidbits; for example, the footprints left there will stay for millions of years because of lack of rain and wind on the moon. Another of his novels is The Real Porky Philips. This novel is about an overweight young boy who is very sensitive. After playing the role of a genie in a play in school, he gains courage that enable him to affirm his real personality. Indeed, Haddon is a revered and renowned writer and these are just a few of his numerous literary works. Buy custom Mark Haddon essay

Burdens of History Essay Example for Free

Burdens of History Essay The British imperial history has long been a fortress of conservative scholarship, its study separated from mainstream British history, its practitioners resistant to engaging with new approaches stemming from the outside – such as feminist scholarship, postcolonial cultural studies, social history, and black history. In this light, Antoinette Burton’s Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 represents challenges to the limited vision and exclusivity of standard imperial history. Burton’s Burdens of History is part of a budding new imperial history, which is characterized by its diversity instead of a single approach. In this book, the author examines the relationship between liberal middle-class British feminists, Indian women, and imperial culture in the 1865-1915 period. Its primary objective is to relocate â€Å"British feminist ideologies in their imperial context and problematizing Western feminists’ historical relationships to imperial culture at home† (p. 2). Burton describes Burdens of History as a history of â€Å"discourse† (p. 7). By this, she means the history of British feminism, imperialism, orientalism, and colonialism. Throughout the book, the author interposes and synthesizes current reinterpretations of British imperial history, women’s history, and cultural studies that integrate analyses of race and gender in attempts at finding the ideological structures implanted in language. In this book, Burton analyzes a wide assortment of feminist periodicals for the way British feminists fashioned an image of a disenfranchised and passive colonized female â€Å"Other†. The impact of the message conveyed was to highlight not a rejection of empire – as modern-day feminists too readily have tended to assume – but a British feminist imperial obligation. According to Burton, empire lives up to what they and many of their contemporaries believed were its purposes and ethical ideals. Burton based her book on extensive empirical research. Here, she is concerned with the material as well as the ideological and aware of the complexity of historical interpretation. Backed by these, the author particularly examines the relationship between imperialism and women’s suffrage. Burton brings together a remarkable body of evidence to back her contention that women’s suffrage campaigners’ claims for recognition as imperial citizens were legitimated as â€Å"an extension of Britain’s worldwide civilizing mission† (p. 6). Centering on the Englishwoman’s Review before 1900 and suffrage journals post 1900, the author finds an imperialized discourse that made British women’s parliamentary vote and emancipation imperative if they were to â€Å"shoulder the burdens required of imperial citizens† (p. 172). The author shows in Burdens of History how Indian women were represented as â€Å"the white feminist burden† (p. 10) as â€Å"helpless victims awaiting the representation of their plight and the redress of their condition at the hands of their sisters in the metropole† (p. 7). Responding both on the charge that white feminists need to address the method of cultural analysis pioneered by Edward Said and the imperial location and racial assumptions of historical feminisms, Burton explores the images of Indian women within Victorian and Edwardian feminist writing. In her analysis, the author argues that Indian women functioned as the ideological â€Å"Other† within such texts, their presence serving to authorize feminist activities and claims. By creating an image of tainted Oriental womanhood, and by presenting enforced widowhood, seclusion, and child marriage as â€Å"the totality of Eastern women’s experiences† (p. 67), British feminists insisted on their own superior emancipation and laid claim to a wider imperial role. However, while feminists persistently reiterated their responsibility for Indian women, the major purpose of such rhetoric was to institute the value of feminism to the imperial nation. According to the author: â€Å"The chief function of the Other woman was to throw into relief those special qualities of the British feminist that not only bound her to the race and the empire but made her the highest and most civilized national female type, the very embodiment of social progress and progressive civilization† (p. 83). According to Burton, British feminists were, â€Å"complicitous with much of British imperial enterprise† (p. 25): their movement must be seen as supportive of that wider imperial effort. She sustains this argument through an examination of feminist emancipatory writings, feminist periodicals and the literature of both the campaign against the application of the Contagious Diseases Acts in India and the campaign for the vote. Indeed, the greatest strength of this book lies in the fact that Burton has made a n extensive search through contemporary feminist literature from a new perspective. In the process, she recovers some quite interesting subgenres within feminist writing. She shows, for instance, how feminist histories sought to reinterpret the Anglo-Saxon past to justify their own political claims and specifying some characteristic differences between explicitly feminist and more general women’s periodicals. Certainly, Burton’s survey establishes the centrality of imperial issues to the British feminist movement, providing a helpful genealogy of some styles of argumentation that have persisted to the present day. Burdens of History is a serious contribution to feminist history and the history of feminism. In conclusion, Burton states that British feminists were agents operating both in opposition to oppressive ideologies and in support of them-sometimes simultaneously, because they saw in empire an inspiration, a rationale, and a validation for women’s reform activities in the public sphere. Her arguments are persuasive; indeed, once stated, they become almost axiomatic. However, Burton’s work is to some extent flawed by two major problems. First, the author never compares the â€Å"imperial feminism†; rather she locates in her texts to other imperial ideologies. In addition, Burton does not subject imperialism to the same kind of careful scrutiny she turns on feminism. She does not define â€Å"imperialism† in her section on definitions, but uses the term – as she uses â€Å"feminism† – largely to denote an attitude of mind. Another problem is Burton’s failure to address the question of how feminist imperialism worked in the world more generally. It is true that feminists sought the vote using a rhetoric of cross-cultural maternal and racial uplift, however, one may ask: what were the effects of this strategy on the hearing accorded their cause, on wider attitudes toward race and empire, and, more specifically, on policies toward India? The author not only brushes aside such questions; she implies that they are unimportant. It seems that, for Burton, the ideological efforts of British feminists were significant only for British feminism. It can be argued that Burton’s difficulty in tracing the way Burdens of History works in the world is a consequence of her methodological and archival choices. The problem is not that the author has chosen to approach her subject through a â€Å"discursive tack† (p. 27), but rather that she has employed this method too narrowly and on too restrictive range of sources. While the author has read almost every piece of feminist literature, she has not gone beyond this source base to systematically examine either competing official documents, Indian feminist writings, or imperial discourses. Thus, Burton’s texts are treated either self-referentially or with reference to current feminist debates. Overall, Burton’s approach is useful in providing a critical history for feminism today, Certainly, it is as a critique of Western feminism’s pretensions to universal and transhistorical high-mindedness that Burdens of History succeeds. However, if one wishes to map out the impact of imperial feminism not only on feminism today, but also on imperial practices and relations historically, one needs a study that is willing to cross the border between political history and intellectual history and to take greater methodological risks. Burdens of History. (2017, Feb 25).

Cyber Bullying Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cyber Bullying - Research Paper Example With the rapid advances in technology, however, bullying evolved into a form of harassment that can be perpetuated anytime and anywhere. Specifically, the use of the Internet and mobile technologies has enabled many bullies to harass their victims even when they are at home or sleeping. Unfortunately, authorities seemed to be caught off-guard when cases of bullying online reportedly caused several suicides across America recently. This highlighted how it has become imperative to solve this issue immediately because the degree of harm of cyberbullying is clearly pervasive and fatal today. To underscore the severity of this issue, there are already several research findings that found the prevalence of the problem. For instance, a survey conducted by I-Safe America found that 37 percent of middle school students admitted to being bullied or threatened online. (Shore 2006, p. 19) Pew Internet and American Life Project supported this with their report that one in three online teens has e xperienced online harassment. (The Colorado Trust 2008) The statistics established the numbers that should alarm responsible authorities. The issue is no longer some figment of imagination or opinion of alarmists that needed to be substantiated. The facts are already there for everyone to see. The implication of the above trend is that youngsters are no longer safe from bullies. The perpetrators only need a computer, Internet access or a cellphone in order terrorize hapless victims. This is aggravated by the fact that bullying acts can be done anonymously. Almost anyone can invade someone else's life and ruin it at a click of the mouse, enabling bullies to be more vicious and consistent with their attacks. According to Shore, this is demonstrated in two ways: first, there is the argument that bullies can strike out at others with the knowledge that they will not be caught; and, secondly, â€Å"by being removed from their targets and thus not seeing the impact of their actions, cybe rbullies can delude themselves into thinking they have not really hurt anybody† effectively taking away their ability to feel empathy or remorse for their victims. (p. 20) It is easy to understand, hence, how helpless victims find it difficult not only to escape the kind of torture due to the sheer pervasiveness of the Internet and the huge number of its users but also to bear the stress of online attacks against their persons for its sheer viciousness and intensity. In the past face-to-face bullying has been difficult to quantify because victims are hesitant to report them. The case has been complicated by technology further. The anonymity that technology provides bullies has made it extra difficult for its detection. This development is already a main contributor to the growing number of suicides as evidenced by the case of Tyler Clementi, who jumped off a bridge after his sexual encounter was streamed over the web by his dormmates for everyone to see. Unfortunately, this po sting of hurtful content is just one of the many types that could significantly cause harm to young minds. Maggio listed numerous ways by which cyberbullies can attack their victims using technology. The most serious of these include the posting of abusive content against victims such as threatening and embarrassing messages that are easily accessed by

The Most Recent Reforms to the Child Maintenance System are Good News Essay

The Most Recent Reforms to the Child Maintenance System are Good News for Fathers but not Mothers - Essay Example 100 to be paid by the applicant. A total application charge for parents on benefits in the range of ?50 with ?20 of this paid upfront and the remainder paid in installments. The installments for the application only become payable where maintenance is in payment. Therefore a parent on benefit who applies will never pay more than the upfront charge if no maintenance is received from the application. A charge of ?20-25 for the calculation only service to be paid by the applicant. A collection surcharge (on top of maintenance to be paid) of between 15% and 20% to be paid by the non-resident parent. A collection deduction charge (retained from maintenance collected for the parent with care) of between 7% and 12%. A charge on the non-resident parent when enforcement measures (e.g. an order of sale for property) need to be used because of non-compliance. An application charge for the calculation only service.7 This reform is criticized by many because its impact is to be primarily on mothe rs,8 In most of the cases, it would be the women who apply for a maintenance as they would be the care-giving parent.9 1011It is so because â€Å"fathers on the whole do not negotiate full-time work with daily responsibility for child care, especially very young children, either during or after marriage.†12 A study by Atkinson and Mckay concluded that non-resident parents had no wish to share parental responsibility.13 The DWP Equality Impact Assessment for the Green Paper has observed â€Å"that 95% of parents with care are women, and a similar proportion of non-resident parents are men...†14 It is officially calculated,†the full cost of an application is likely to be around ?200. 15 The women in Britain mostly work in â€Å"part-time, low paid, (and) insecure jobs...†16 17 The single mothers have to schedule their working hours so as to undertake child care also.18 19 Mostly, this is why â€Å" women poverty begins with divorce...†20 The new refor ms are sure to put more financial burden on such women, who are already under-privileged. Here, it is important also to note that there is a proven connection â€Å"between poverty and single parenthood.†21 Power equations and maintenance Under the new provisions, if both the parents agree upon a maintenance amount under family agreement, they need not go to the government service provider.22 The power to take such a decision rests equally with the â€Å"parent with care† and the â€Å"non-resident parent.†23 If a non-resident parent decides to â€Å"pay by maintenance direct†, that is, not through government agency, then he/she can do so.24 The non-resident parent most often being the father, this might be a convenient decision for him, as he could avoid government action on non-payment. A Relationship Separation and Child Support Study carried out by a group of researchers showed that it was mainly the non-resident pa