Positive Psychology - 3118 Words

HP310 Individual project Naomi chua According to World Health Organization (WHO)’s definition, health is a state of complete physical, psychological well-being, optimal psychological functioning and social well-being. And health is â€Å"not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity† (WHO, 2000). Contrary to typical understanding of the psychology fields, positive psychology is a science of positive subjective experiences and positive traits, positive institution that promise to improve the quality of life and prevent pathologies (Csikszentmihalyi and Seligman, 2000). There are 3 levels of analysis for positive psychology; subjective level refers to the subjective experiences such as well-being, contentment, and†¦show more content†¦With this, we come to the first step of coping; evaluating the situation. In Lazarus and Folkman’s term, coping starts with the process of appraisal: Primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. Primary appraisal occurs when we’re faced wit h a life challenge, we’ll first ask ourselves if our life is jeopardized. Then we’ll move on to evaluate if that life challenge is worthy to be worried or attended. If we deem that our life is in danger, then we’ll ask whether there’s something we can do about that situation/challenge. That is secondary appraisal. The next process of stress and coping is to employ coping strategies. There are many researchers who made efforts to categorize coping responses. For example, Folkman and Lazarus (1980) have classified coping strategies/techniques to 2 categories: problem-focused and emotion-focused. Amirkhan (1990b, 1994) identified 3 coping strategies; problem solving, seeking support, and avoidance. Another attempt to classify coping strategies is the primary-secondary control model by Rothbaum, Weisz Snyder (1982) and Weisz, Rothbaum Blackburn (1984a and 1984b). Carver et al.’s (1989) COPE scale, consisting of 14 coping styles, is another attempt to classify coping responses. All these coping strategies/ models will be covered over the course of the entire paper. Lazarus and Folkman’sShow MoreRelatedPositive Psychology At Gable And Haidt1098 Words   |  5 PagesPositive psychology according to Gable and Haidt (2005) can be defined as â€Å"the study of the conditions and processes that contribute to the flourishing of people, groups and institutions† (p. 103). Similarly, it can be described as the study of human strength and virtue to understand positive and emotionally fulfilling behaviour (Sheldon King, 2001). There are three dimensions or levels of positive psychology which are based on aspects of our life experiences. Our positive subjective experiencesRead MoreThe New Era Of Positive Psychology975 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The New Era of Positive Psychology† by Martin Seligman Summary In Professor Seligman’s TED Talk he presents to us the state of psychology today. Just what is the state of psychology today? According to Seligman it is good, not good, and not good enough. In the â€Å"good† update for psychology today, it is beneficial that psychology is progressing forward. Once what was an extreme science of finding out what is wrong with someone has progressed forward into also finding out how to improve one’s lifeRead MorePositive Psychology5612 Words   |  23 PagesPositive Psychology-A Current perspective Author Krishan Kumar Dr. Rajiv Dogra Corresponding Address Krishan Kumar, M. Sc, M. Phil (M SP), PhD (Pur) Clinical Psychology, Computational Neuroscience National Brain Research Centre, Manesar Email- keshusony@rediffmail.com Ph.no. 9999516319 Dr. Rajiv Dogra Associte Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology Post Graduate College and Medical Sciences, Rohtak Email- Rajeevdogra@rediffmail.com What is positive psychology? Read MorePsychology : Positive And Negative Psychology955 Words   |  4 PagesPositive Psychology We often think of psychology with a negative connotation. A reason for this is that for many years, psychologists focused more on the negative side of psychology. This part of psychology deals with peoples’ symptoms, wounds, disorders, and trauma (Morgan Nemec, 2013). This changed in 2000 when psychologist Martin Seligman founded the science of positive psychology (Schueller Parks, 2014). Although certain aspects of positive psychology were studied long before the branchRead MoreWhat Is Positive Psychology?765 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Positive Psychology? At a casual glance, positive psychology looks like the study of happiness. It is more than that. Positive psychology attempts to explain what happiness is. It is a school of psychology that aims to help achieve a positive life, not just focusing on mental illness. It is concerned with the self and group positive emotion, action and interaction. A main focus is to help people with their strengths. If they can focus on their strengths and not just their weaknessesRead MoreThe New Psychology Field Of Positive Psychology928 Words   |  4 PagesThe new Psychology field of Positive Psychology promotes a â€Å"flourishing† life dedicated to individuals looking to expand the pleasant, engagement and meaning in their life. Many Positive Psychologist use Gratitude Practice as a method of therapy to aid individuals with a wealth of positive constructs. Before looking into Gratitude Practice it is important to begin the research by taking a look at what Positive psychology is. Pos itive Psychology is a newer field in Psychology focused on the studyRead MorePositive Psychology Influencing: The onset of a Positive Lifestyle and Positive Health982 Words   |  4 PagesPositive Psychology Influencing The Onset of a Positive Lifestyle and Positive Health There have been numerous studies in the realm of Positive Psychology and the effects it can influence in other sectors of a person’s overall wellbeing, especially in terms of attaining a positive mindset and treatment of negative general disorders, the short term benefits of a positive psychological outlook and the long term health and lifestyle benefits that are produced from it. In a 2006 journal article, ParkRead MorePositive Psychology: The Effects of Positive Emotions Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesPositive psychology describes the effects a positive attitude can have on one’s enjoyment of a situation, people, and life as whole. If one is able to find something good about every situation they encounter, then their overall life experience will be positive. It explains that one’s mindset determines the outcome of a situation, including how well they get along with people around them. Positive emotions are capable of changing not only ones outlook on life, but also their life as a whole. By viewingRead MorePsychology : Positive And Negative Psychology1645 Words   |  7 PagesPositive psychology, is a new field of psychology that draw heavily on humanist influences. This area of psychology places its focus on understanding how to enhance our lives by studying what produces our happiness through the use of scientific methods to understand how this affects us leading healthy, happy and successful lives. Through the belief that society would like to lead meaningful and rewarding lives the goal of positive psychology is to, in addition the other fields of psychology, accompanyRead MorePsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most recent branches of psychology to emerge is the positive psychology movement. Based on the text, positive psychology is one of the most important aspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve . In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment

Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 2050 Words

What would you do if Christianity came and took over your world? In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, describes a man who was affected by Christianity which not only destroyed him but also his family and his tribe. Okonkwo is the main character who faces the demise of his world when the missionaries came in and took over his world. Okonkwo is a very independent, impatient African leader and is affected by Christianity, impacting the way he is accepted back into Umofia or the way he lives. Achebe s description of life in the village after colonization, helps to create a setting that condemns colonization. In the Caryl Phillips interview, Achebe believes that â€Å"Conrad is for the colonizing mission, and he concedes that the novel, in part,†¦show more content†¦His father, Unoka lacked judgement and Okonkwo did not like the way his father was. Unoka never knew which direction to go in and was therefore always changing which way to go. Okonkwo does not take kind to this ne w religion and whoever takes up this new religion is considered weak to Okonkwo. With this new religion taking over Okonkwo’s life, he is deeply affected by Christianity when it takes over his son. One part of Okonkwo’s hatred of Christianity was when Nwoye’s decision to convert to this new religion. Okonkwo was already disbelieving of Christianity and didn’t approve of its practices or gods. With seeing his son becoming part of this new religion and him doing the unusual practices was the breaking point for Okonkwo. With Okonkwo knowing that his son has always been different especially from people in the village, Okonkwo belived that his son was very similar to his father Unoka. As Okonkwo considered this, they are similar because they are both weak. This frights Okonkwo, and he prefers it when Nwoye will try to act normal. When Nwoye was interested in the new religion he was scared â€Å"Nwoye had been attracted to the new faith from the very first day, he kept it secret. He dared not go too near the missionaries for fear of his father† (Achebe 149). This was the start of Okonkwo’s life turning upside down even know he did not know about wha t Nwoye was

Business and Management Free Essays

Blyton, P. , Noon, M. (2007), The Realities of Work. We will write a custom essay sample on Business and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. This Chapter explores the key concepts of survival in the workforce. The aim is to explore how employees survive the alienating tendencies at work by developing different coping strategies in different circumstances. According to Karl Marx employees develop four types of estrangement; self-estrangement, estrangement from the product of their labour, their species being and from others which leads to alienation. Under capitalism)all the means for developing production are transformed into means of power over and exploitation of the producer; that they mutilate the worker into a fragment of a human being, degrade him to become a mere appurtenance, make his work such a torment that its essential meaning is destroyed(Marx, 1930: 713, quoted in Fox, 1974: 224) Blauner suggests that greater automation will free workers hard work of assembly lines and machine minding, it will result in decreasing alienation for employees (Blauner, 1964:182-3) We have acknow ledged the authors and the investigators opinions to alienation. According to the writers there are five main strategies that help to survive alienation tendencies such as fiddling, making out, joking, sabotage and escaping. Michael Burawoy (1979) suggests employees should use the term making out. Making out in Burawoy’s theory suggests employees are allowed to miss behave and control their working day if they are still working within the rules, management’s instructions and tasks are completed. (Burawoy, 1985: 126) Management Today (2000) state fiddling is a rule breaker but managers turn a blind eye. It can be seen in any job from supermarkets to call centres. In call centres employees manipulate the call monitoring system in order to gain extra rest breaks. (Townsend,2005:56) Radcliffe-Brown (1952) is an anthropologist who acknowledged the survival strategy joking. Joking maintains social order, releases tension, challenges authority and forges group identities. However occasional joking can challenge the power of hierarchy. Identified by Linstead (1985a) sabotage can be a result of rational behaviour. It can purposely be a spiteful attempt to ruin or disturb the process or the product. This is where whistle blowing comes in to determine the result of behaviour. Escaping is expressed in two different ways. Physical escape is to temporarily take time off or to permanently quit the job to escape alienation. Mental escape is taking their mind somewhere else so that they can express their own thoughts in their own head. Overall employees should interoperate the five survival strategies’ which will help them to survive the alienation. However employees should interoperate them as a form of consent and not a form of resistance. McHugh, D. , Thompson, P. (2002) Work Organisations: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. In This Chapter the author explores how scientific management and bureaucratisation helped transform the workplace. Fredrick Taylor is known for inventing the term scientific management. Some management and work organisations were already in place ‘the less skilled worker’. It was down to Taylor who acknowledged the influences of other systematic management inventions such as inspection systems, and employment departments. (Urwick and Breech, 1949:33) Nyland, (1988:56) believed that â€Å"The Systematisers† were a diverse group of engineers , accountants, and work managers who argued that US firms had grown to a size where the internal functioning of the enterprise was becoming increasingly chaotic and waist full. This suggests not all work was available to everyone so therefore used his system which he believed was the best to manage the workforce. Bringing a new approach to managerial skills needed a new set of rules to help the labour process that Taylor was most concerned about. New rules meant stricter working environments. Taylor used idea’s to help shape the work place conflicting beaurocratic management. Braverman (1974:120) objects that it sanctions the mistaken view that such work arrangements belongs to large scale organisations rather than a product of capitalist social relations. This suggests not everyone agreed with the theory, some writers said the idea of bureaucrasation and systematic management was problematic. To understand the beucratic rules it needs to be clear through different modes of production and business systems. Clawson (1980; 248) believed Taylorism is in contrast with Weber Stress on the remote and impersonal qualities of beuocrasy. This suggests Taylor and Weber worked in contrast with each other because weber believed in Taylor theory of systematic management. Therefore Webers theory of rationalisation worked with Taylor’s theory. To summarise beaurocratic management has risen in the ervice industry. Recent studies state that evidence is showed in Ritzler’s (1993) ‘The Mcdonaldisation of society’. The authors state the key point of this chapter is that Taylorism and other management theories are distinct elements not packages. People are diverse and uneven when it comes to the legacy of Taylorism. Traditions have in fact shaped the industry aiding managers to use different approaches. Word Count: 796 References Deakins, D Freel, M. (2009) ‘Entrepreneurship and Small Firms’. 5th ed. Midenhead: McGraw Hill. O’Doherty, D. (2007) ‘Introducing Organisational Behaviour and Management’. London: Thompson. Weardon, G. (2012) ‘Eurozone crisis live: Monti to lobby Merkel over bond-buying plan’ The Guardian. 29th August, 2012. Cramer, R. M. (2006) ‘The Great Intimidators’ Havard Business Review. V84 pp. 88-96. ‘ Most companies struggling to be paperless’ Institute of Leadership and Management. 14th August, 2012. http://www. i-l-m. com/ [accessed 29th August 2012]. How to cite Business and Management, Papers

Nuclear Energy (5013 words) Essay Example For Students

Nuclear Energy (5013 words) Essay Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyYou are watching the control panels and gages for rector two. Sitting comely you think about how easy your job is. It is a joke! All day you sit around and watch the gages for reactor number two just to make sure they maintain their settings. You dont even need to look at the gages either because a computer automatically regulates them without you. Life is so good. Suddenly all the sirens go of and the gages and displays spin wildly in every direction. The ground shakes and you can hear the sound of a deep rumble. Unknown to you, the reactors cooling pumps have failed to cool the reactors core and in 3 seconds the temperature went from 280 degrees centigrade to 4,000 degrees centigrade. The water that was in the reactor is instantly turned to steam which creates tremendous amount of pressure in the reactor core. Above the reactor core there is a 5 foot thick lead plate and above that there is a meter thick floor composed of iron, barium, serpentine, concre te, and stone. The exploding steam fires the floor up like shrapnel. The metal plate goes through the four foot thick concrete roof like butter and reaches and altitude of sixty meters. You can hear ripping, rending, wrenching, screeching, scraping, tearing sounds of a vast machine breaking apart. L. Ray Silver, a leading author who covered the disaster at Chernobyl, said that within the core, steam reacts with zirconium to produce that first explosive in natures arsenal, hydrogen. Near-molten fuel fragments shatter nearly incandescent graphite, torching chunks of it, exploding the hydrogen. The explosion breaks every pipe in the building rocking it with such power that the building is split into sections (11-13). You look down at your body and notice that it feels hot and your hands look different. Unknown to you a tremendous amount of neutrons are hitting your cells and taking chucks out of your skin. Suddenly everything goes black. The paragraph above describes the scene of what happened at Chernobyl nuclear plant a few years ago. From that time until the present many other smaller accidents have happened. From these accidents many people have died and millions have been indirectly affected. Nuclear energy has far to many negative problems than advantages. From the mining of uranium to disposal of nuclear waist there are problems of such magnitude that no scientist on this earth has an answer for. Nuclear energy has so many problems associated to it that it should be banned from the earth. To understand the threat of nuclear energy we must first understand what happens in a nuclear reaction. Ann E. Weiss, who has written several books on the subject of nuclear energy, described what happens inside a nuclear power plant. In a nuclear reaction the nuclei of its atoms split, producing energy in the form of heat. The heat makes steam which powers a turbine. Fission takes place in a nuclear reactor. The fuel used is pellets of uranium. In a modern reactor, half-inch long pellets of uranium are packed into 12 or 14 foot tubes made of an alloy of the metal zirconium. About 50,000 zircalloy fuel rods make up the reaction core. To control a nuclear reaction control rods made of cadmium is used which absorbs neutrons. With the control rods in place in the core, a chain reaction cannot begin. When the plant operators want to start the chain reaction they activate machinery that pulls the control rods away from the core. Once this is done a single free neutron is enough to set off the reaction. As the reaction continues, a moderator slows the neutrons down enough to ensure that they will continually split more uranium atoms. At the same time, the moderator acts as a coolant. It keep the overall temperature about 300 degrees Celsius. Since the temperature at spots inside the fuel rods may be as high as 1,100 degrees Celsius, enormous amounts of coolant are continually needed to keep the core temperature at the proper level. When the plant must be must be shut down the control rods are lowered all the way back into the core. That brings the chain reaction to a standstill. The core cools, and steam is no longer produced (23-24). In all nuclear reactions use uranium and produce some plutonium. Since nuclear reactions produce a considerable amount of plutonium there are considerable hazards that come along with it. Nader and Abbotts, two men who have a great amount of experience in the nuclear industry, comment that:Plutoniums major dangers include the fact that it is weapons-grade material, that it is highly toxic, and it is extremely long-lasting: it will take 24,000 years for half of it to decay. In addition to the possibility that plutonium could contaminate the environment or the population in an accident, there is also the danger that a terrorist group could steal plutonium for the purposes of fashioning an illicit nuclear weapon. (63)Plutonium-239 is a man-made reactor by-product which emits highly energetic alpha particles. Even though alpha particles can be stopped by a piece of paper that can be very dangerous to tissue if they are taken into the body by ingestion or inhalation. Expressing extreme concern over the issue of plutonium getting into the human body Nad er and Abbotts write:Experiments with dogs show that the inhalation of as little as three millionths of a gram of Pu-239 can cause lung cancer. John Gofman has reported that plutonium and other alpha-emitters, such as curium and americium , when in a form that cannot readily be dissolved by body fluids, represent an inhalation hazard in a class some five orders of magnitude more potent, weight for weight, than potent chemical carcinogens. The fact that plutonium has a very long half-life, 24,000 years, makes it one of the deadliest elements known and one of the most difficult to manage. (78)The reason why plutonium is so dangerous when it gets into the lungs is because plutonium releases radiation to a small mass of the lung at a very short distance. This effect of radiation from plutonium giving a concentrated dose to one small area is much greater than if the same amount of radiation had been uniformly distributed throughout the lung. Another problem with plutonium is its toxicit y. Plutonium is the most toxic of all elements. Fred H. Knelman, who was a senior executive on the nuclear control panel in Washington D.C., wrote, ?One pound of plutonium-239, distributed to the lungs of a large population, could cause between ten and fifteen million lung-cancer deaths? (32). Plutonium is rapidly becoming more and more common throughout the world because it is being produced all the time in nuclear reactions. The Nuclear Control Institute, in Washington D.C., published a paper on the Internet describing the problem of plutonium production. By the turn of the century, 1,400 metric tons of plutonium will have been produced in the spent fuel of nuclear power reactors, and some 300 tons of it will have been separated into weapons-usable form. Less than 18 pounds (8 kilograms) is needed to build a Nagasaki-type bomb. The amounts will continue to grow rapidly. By 2010, there will be 550 tons of separated plutonium in commerce, more than twice the amount now contained in the worlds nuclear arsenals. By that time, Japan will have acquired an amount of plutonium equivalent to the present U.S. military stockpile. (?The Problem?, 2)The quote above has a few hidden statements behind it. First it predicts that soon other nations will have a greater nuclear arsenal than the U.S.A. Also the quote says that plutonium is growing to be an excess product from nuclear reactions and thus other countries who are not economically stable will have a greater tendency to want to sell some plutonium to power hungry politicians for money to help the economy of their own country. The subject of plutonium directly relates to nuclear terrorism. The terrorists holy grail is to build a nuclear bomb. It is becoming increasingly easy to find the knowledge on how to build a nuclear bomb. The only thing that is holding terrorists back is getting their hands on some plutonium or weapons-grade uranium. Christopher K. Mitchell, a student under professor J. Ruvalds, wrote a research report in physics 177N class that stated that when constructing a nuclear weapon, there would be two main issues for a terrorist. The first issue would be the knowledge required about building the bomb and making it work. Essentially, this knowledge is not a great problem. For instance, anyone can purchase a copy of The Los Alamos Primer for approximately twenty-three dollars. This book details the work of scientist who participated in the Manhattan Project tests in New Mexico. Inside the book, a terrorist could find the amount of uranium needed to create a successful nuclear explosion. In addition, the book details the different types of nuclear bombs and how to construct them. According to Carson Mark, a nuclear weapons specialist, a terrorist group would need some specialist, such as a nuclear physicist, a chemist, and an explosives engineer to build a nuclear weapon. In addition, some specialized equi pment would be required. The second issue of building a nuclear weapon is the material needed to fuel the chemical reaction. Of the two issues, this one creates a much larger problem. Until recently, it was nearly impossible for a terrorist to even consider obtaining either bomb grade plutonium or uranium. In the past, these bomb grade fuels would have been nearly impossible to steal and the price to purchase such materials was far above the budget of any terrorist group. Many experts feel that it would cost at least five to ten million dollars to purchase enough plutonium to make a nuclear weapon. Others place the estimate as high as twenty or thirty million dollars (2). The problems of obtaining money and scientists are not big. The Soviet Union has left many of its top nuclear scientists without jobs and money. Many would be happy to get out of their crime ridden country to work for a terrorist group or another country associated with terrorism like Iran or Iraq. Money is not a p roblem for these two countries who hold some of the worlds biggest oil reserves. This paragraph represents only one type of terrorism that can be done with money and talent but what can other terrorist groups do who dont have very much money?One very vulnerable terrorist target is the nuclear powerplants. Scott D. Portzline, who has a Ph.D. is nuclear physics, writes that :Considering the fact that a nuclear plant houses more than a thousand times the radiation as released in an atomic burst, the magnitude of a single attack could reach beyond 100,000 deaths and the immediate loss of tens of billions of dollars. The land and properties destroyed (your insurance wont cover nuclear disasters) would remain useless for decades and would become a stark monument reminding the world of the terrorists ideology. With more than 100 reactors in the United States alone, if one is successfully destroyed, just threatening additional attacks could instill the sort of high-impact terror which is be ing sought by a new breed of terrorists. (1)For years, what has caused concern for many observers and several federal oversight committees is a report on the potential for damage from truck bombs. Atheism EssayThe paragraph above describes the scene of what happened at Chernobyl nuclear plant a few years ago. From that time until the present many other smaller accidents have happened. From these accidents many people have died and millions have been indirectly affected. Nuclear energy has far to many negative problems than advantages. From the mining of uranium to disposal of nuclear waist there are problems of such magnitude that no scientist on this earth has an answer for. Nuclear energy has so many problems associated to it that it should be banned from the earth. To understand the threat of nuclear energy we must first understand what happens in a nuclear reaction. Ann E. Weiss, who has written several books on the subject of nuclear energy, described what happens inside a nuclear power plant. In a nuclear reaction the nuclei of its atoms split, producing energy in the form of heat. The heat makes steam which powers a turbine. Fission takes place in a nuclear reactor. The fuel used is pellets of uranium. In a modern reactor, half-inch long pellets of uranium are packed into 12 or 14 foot tubes made of an alloy of the metal zirconium. About 50,000 zircalloy fuel rods make up the reaction core. To control a nuclear reaction control rods made of cadmium is used which absorbs neutrons. With the control rods in place in the core, a chain reaction cannot begin. When the plant operators want to start the chain reaction they activate machinery that pulls the control rods away from the core. Once this is done a single free neutron is enough to set off the reaction. As the reaction continues, a moderator slows the neutrons down enough to ensure that they will continually split more uranium atoms. At the same time, the moderator acts as a coolant. It keep the overall temperature about 300 degrees Celsius. Since the temperature at spots inside the fuel rods may be as high as 1,100 degrees Celsius, enormous amounts of coolant are continually needed to keep the core temperature at the proper level. When the plant must be must be shut down the control rods are lowered all the way back into the core. That brings the chain reaction to a standstill. The core cools, and steam is no longer produced (23-24). In all nuclear reactions use uranium and produce some plutonium. Since nuclear reactions produce a considerable amount of plutonium there are considerable hazards that come along with it. Nader and Abbotts, two men who have a great amount of experience in the nuclear industry, comment that:Plutoniums major dangers include the fact that it is weapons-grade material, that it is highly toxic, and it is extremely long-lasting: it will take 24,000 years for half of it to decay. In addition to the possibility that plutonium could contaminate the environment or the population in an accident, there is also the danger that a terrorist group could steal plutonium for the purposes of fashioning an illicit nuclear weapon. (63)Plutonium-239 is a man-made reactor by-product which emits highly energetic alpha particles. Even though alpha particles can be stopped by a piece of paper that can be very dangerous to tissue if they are taken into the body by ingestion or inhalation. Expressing extreme concern over the issue of plutonium getting into the human body Nad er and Abbotts write:Experiments with dogs show that the inhalation of as little as three millionths of a gram of Pu-239 can cause lung cancer. John Gofman has reported that plutonium and other alpha-emitters, such as curium and americium , when in a form that cannot readily be dissolved by body fluids, represent an inhalation hazard in a class some five orders of magnitude more potent, weight for weight, than potent chemical carcinogens. The fact that plutonium has a very long half-life, 24,000 years, makes it one of the deadliest elements known and one of the most difficult to manage. (78)The reason why plutonium is so dangerous when it gets into the lungs is because plutonium releases radiation to a small mass of the lung at a very short distance. This effect of radiation from plutonium giving a concentrated dose to one small area is much greater than if the same amount of radiation had been uniformly distributed throughout the lung. Another problem with plutonium is its toxicit y. Plutonium is the most toxic of all elements. Fred H. Knelman, who was a senior executive on the nuclear control panel in Washington D.C., wrote, ?One pound of plutonium-239, distributed to the lungs of a large population, could cause between ten and fifteen million lung-cancer deaths? (32). Plutonium is rapidly becoming more and more common throughout the world because it is being produced all the time in nuclear reactions. The Nuclear Control Institute, in Washington D.C., published a paper on the Internet describing the problem of plutonium production. By the turn of the century, 1,400 metric tons of plutonium will have been produced in the spent fuel of nuclear power reactors, and some 300 tons of it will have been separated into weapons-usable form. Less than 18 pounds (8 kilograms) is needed to build a Nagasaki-type bomb. The amounts will continue to grow rapidly. By 2010, there will be 550 tons of separated plutonium in commerce, more than twice the amount now contained in the worlds nuclear arsenals. By that time, Japan will have acquired an amount of plutonium equivalent to the present U.S. military stockpile. (?The Problem?, 2)The quote above has a few hidden statements behind it. First it predicts that soon other nations will have a greater nuclear arsenal than the U.S.A. Also the quote says that plutonium is growing to be an excess product from nuclear reactions and thus other countries who are not economically stable will have a greater tendency to want to sell some plutonium to power hungry politicians for money to help the economy of their own country. The subject of plutonium directly relates to nuclear terrorism. The terrorists holy grail is to build a nuclear bomb. It is becoming increasingly easy to find the knowledge on how to build a nuclear bomb. The only thing that is holding terrorists back is getting their hands on some plutonium or weapons-grade uranium. Christopher K. Mitchell, a student under professor J. Ruvalds, wrote a research report in physics 177N class that stated that when constructing a nuclear weapon, there would be two main issues for a terrorist. The first issue would be the knowledge required about building the bomb and making it work. Essentially, this knowledge is not a great problem. For instance, anyone can purchase a copy of The Los Alamos Primer for approximately twenty-three dollars. This book details the work of scientist who participated in the Manhattan Project tests in New Mexico. Inside the book, a terrorist could find the amount of uranium needed to create a successful nuclear explosion. In addition, the book details the different types of nuclear bombs and how to construct them. According to Carson Mark, a nuclear weapons specialist, a terrorist group would need some specialist, such as a nuclear physicist, a chemist, and an explosives engineer to build a nuclear weapon. In addition, some specialized equi pment would be required. The second issue of building a nuclear weapon is the material needed to fuel the chemical reaction. Of the two issues, this one creates a much larger problem. Until recently, it was nearly impossible for a terrorist to even consider obtaining either bomb grade plutonium or uranium. In the past, these bomb grade fuels would have been nearly impossible to steal and the price to purchase such materials was far above the budget of any terrorist group. Many experts feel that it would cost at least five to ten million dollars to purchase enough plutonium to make a nuclear weapon. Others place the estimate as high as twenty or thirty million dollars (2). The problems of obtaining money and scientists are not big. The Soviet Union has left many of its top nuclear scientists without jobs and money. Many would be happy to get out of their crime ridden country to work for a terrorist group or another country associated with terrorism like Iran or Iraq. Money is not a p roblem for these two countries who hold some of the worlds biggest oil reserves. This paragraph represents only one type of terrorism that can be done with money and talent but what can other terrorist groups do who dont have very much money?One very vulnerable terrorist target is the nuclear powerplants. Scott D. Portzline, who has a Ph.D. is nuclear physics, writes that :Considering the fact that a nuclear plant houses more than a thousand times the radiation as released in an atomic burst, the magnitude of a single attack could reach beyond 100,000 deaths and the immediate loss of tens of billions of dollars. The land and properties destroyed (your insurance wont cover nuclear disasters) would remain useless for decades and woedCorinne Brown, and Robert Munroe. Time Bomb, Understanding the Treat of Nuclear Power. New York: William Morrow Company, Inc, 1981Knelman, Fred H. Nuclear Energy The Unforgiving Technology. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1976. Mitchell, Christopher K. ?Nuclear Terrorism.? 14 Nov. 1996 Available : http://www.nucl.com/terror.html. ?Nuclear Waste: The Big Picture.? 10 Nov. 1996. Available: http://www.sfo.com/~rherried/waste.html. Portzline, Scott D. ?Nuclear Terrorism.? 10 Nov. 1996. Available: http://www.nci.com/terrorism.html. Ralph Nader, and John Abbotts. The Menace of Atomic Energy. New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc, 1977. Silver, L. Ray. Fallout From Chernobyl. Toronto: Deneau Publishers Company LTD, 1987. ?The Problem.? 10 Nov. 1996. Available: http://www.wideopen.igc.org/nci/prob.htm. ?Uranium: Its Uses and Hazards.? 20 Nov. 1996. Available : http://www.ieer.org/ieer/fctsheet/uranium.html. Weiss, Ann E. The Nuclear Question. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1981. Science

The History of Tom Jones Review Essay Example

The History of Tom Jones Review Paper Essay on The History of Tom Jones In his essay time killer, dedicated to Arthur Rimbaud, Henry Miller wrote: God does not want us to come to him blameless We are destined to the knowledge of sin and evil, straying from the true path, to err, to fall into disobedience and despair; were supposed to. resist, as long as enough strength the more complete and humiliating defeat our privilege -. the privilege of people of free spirit to make a choice in favor of God from the heart, eyes wide open, willing, which is more expensive than any other desire blameless He God.! to anything. He is the one who plays . Heaven for eternity All fuller and deeper imbues knowledge, more and more burdened by guilt that is the privilege of the person from the guilt is not free anyone, what level does not reach, you precipitated new commitments, new mans sins depriving innocent, God has made it.. in a possible ally. Giving him the mind and will, he gave him the right to choose. and the man in his wisdom will always choose God. I deliberately cite as a bulk quotation, because I believe that it is the best reiterates one of the main ideas of the novel The History of Tom Jones, Mr. . Ydenysha Let me remind you that the 18th century in which he lived, Henry Fielding, the century of the Enlightenment, and the problem of human nature has been one of the most important for this time. Fielding, in my opinion, was able to fully reveal this other problem, give her an explanation and, oddly enough, a kind of justification inherent optimism of his work. He says that initially the person is not so bad, but the environment can corrupt it, drop to the bottom, having imparted the most disgusting habits and making it thus the epitome of evil. If a person is smart enough and able to take a critical look at their actions and their way of life, draw the necessary conclusions, it will change your life for the better, becoming the path of virtue. But neither reason nor virtue individually do not have the force necessary to defeat the vice. Only their synthesis, is possible only in good heart, capable asbtraktno speaking, put people on the right path, justifying thus even those violations of moral principles, he allowed himself in the past. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Tom Jones Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Tom Jones Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Tom Jones Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I think everyone knows the saying learn from the mistakes, To err is human, do not make mistakes only one who does not do anything. In this case, all of the above would be clear. Despite all this, the novel struck me as somewhat naive. Especially the ending, when all the obstacles plagued lovers heroes throughout the narrative, by a happy coincidence instantly collapse, all the villains punished, and virtue rewarded on merit. This happy ending, after which there is a feeling that you cheated. Particular attention should be paid to the aesthetic and theoretical chapters preceding each of the 18 books of the novel. They Fielding says a lot about the problems of the artist and literature in general, about laughter as a great tool in the fight against hypocrisy and vices, which protivopostavletsya human nature as such. In theory, of course, it sounds good, but in practice usually it comes out differently. Whatever it was, in a sense of humor Fielding did not refuse.

Saskatchewan essays

Saskatchewan essays Saskatchewan is a land of resources, wealth, and beauty. Its name is derived from a Cree word meaning rapid river. Saskatchewan is 651,900 sq. km. in area, half of it is forests, and one third of it is cultivated lands. In southern Saskatchewan average temperatures range from 0-65 degrees farenheight. In Northern Saskatchewan temperatures range from 23-57 degrees farenheight. Grayling, trout, pike, and pickeral are found in the northern lakes, while mule, deer, elk, moose, and long tail deer are found in the north. Saskatchewan has a population of about one million people. Its largest cities are Moose Jaw, Prince Albert, Regina, and Saskatoon. Saskatchewan is the only province that doesnt have a majority of French or British background. There are large segements of Scandanavian, German, and Ukrainian. Plus about 70,000 natives live in the province. Saskatchewans largest religious groups are the Lutheran, the Anglican denominations, and the Roman catholic. Saskatchewans government consists of a lieutenant govener (Sylvia O. Fedoruk), a premier (Roy Romanow and New Democratic party), a parliament (6 senate members, 10 new democrats, and 4 conservatives), and a provincial legistator (64 members). Saskatchewan was admitted to the confederation on Sept.1, 1905 with Alberta, the eighth and ninth provinces. Saskatchewan politics were dominated by the liberal party from 1905 to 1944, when the CCF defeated them, they ruled until 1964, when the liberals were returned to power. The new democratic party won, the Progressive Conservatives defeated CCF in 1982, but regained power in 1991. Tribes of Algonquin, Siouan, and Athapaskan were the first known people in Saskatchewan. Charles 11 gave Prince Ruperts Land to the Hudson Bay Company in 1670. About 1690 the first European visitor came to the area, his n ...

Edwin Hubble Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Edwin Hubble - Essay Example (â€Å"Biography of Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953)†; â€Å"Edwin Hubble expands our view of the universe†) Edwin Hubble Powell, the son of an insurance executive was born in the small town of Marshfield, Missouri, USA on November 20, 1989 and moved to Wheaton, Illinois, before his first birthday. Nine years later in 1898, his family moved to Chicago, where he attended high school.   Edwin Hubble was a fine student and an even better athlete, having broken the Illinois State high jump record. As a young man, he was 6 feet 3 inches tall and very well coordinated, known especially for his talent at boxing, basketball and track (â€Å"Who Was Edwin Hubble?†). At his high school graduation in 1906, the principal said: "Edwin Hubble, I have watched you for four years and I have never seen you study for ten minutes.† He paused, leaving young Edwin on tenterhooks a moment longer, before continuing: "Here is a scholarship for the University of Chicago." (â€Å"Edwin Powell Hubble - The man who discovered the cosmos†) Edwin Hubble had studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Chicago and earned a Bachelor of Science (undergraduate) degree in 1910. Edwin Hubble went to Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship, where he did not continue his studies in astronomy, but instead studied law, following his father’s wishes. He also took up Literature and Spanish. (www.edwinhubble.com). In 1913, he returned to the United States and passed the bar examination and practiced law half-heartedly for a year in Kentucky. His family was living in Kentucky at that time. In the autumn of 1913, Hubble was hired by New Albany High School (New Albany, Indiana) to teach Spanish, Physics and Mathematics and to coach basketball. His popularity as a teacher is recorded in the school yearbook dedicated to him: "To our beloved teacher of Spanish and Physics, who has been a loyal friend to us in our senior year, ever willing to cheer and help us both

SAP ERP Implementation [ A Case Study of Nestle USA] Research Paper

SAP ERP Implementation [ A Case Study of Nestle USA] - Research Paper Example Providing real time data for distributed systems gives power to the users and thereby the company to work efficiently. Company employees, even though they are working from different locations, would have access to the data and moreover, would be getting the same view of data. But, quite obviously, all this cannot be achieved free of cost. There are different kinds of costs involved including monetary crunch, issues with putting all this into practice, and also people management issues. But, all said and done, each and every ERP implementation has important lessons to be learned from. This leads to say that for a company, what so ever be the result of ERP implementation, the lessons are always significant. The case I would be taking into consideration is the Nestle case. In the year 2000, Nestle SA management team became conscious of the fact that if they want to maintain their position in the hugely competitive market, they need to streamline their processes and upgrade their systems . To serve this purpose, Nestle SA signed a bond with SAP. Nestle SA wanted to implement an ERP system across all its systems, they wanted all the employees and hence, the company to benefit with the ERP system. Back then, Nestle SA had its presence in 80 countries with a total of 230,000 employees overall. A huge sum of $80 million was assigned for the consultation, maintenance and up gradation of the existing systems. A time frame of three years was decided upon in order to complete the ERP implementation for the most competitive sites of Nestle. After the ERP implementation of these sites is completed, the other sites would be dealt with. The implementation included most aspects of a company’s product and operation management processes. They ranged from finance and monetary aspect handling, to supply chain, forecasting, capacity planning and BI segments. Another Nestle ERP implementation was that of Nestle USA. Nestle USA had quite a few different ledgers and customer acce ss points. The objective of implementing ERP implemented in Nestle USA was to consolidate these different data points to just one. Nestle USA faced a lot of challenges in implementing ERP. This was because of the fact that every location for Nestle USA was inclined to make their own decisions. There was a communication gap between decisions made by different locations and this lead to adverse effects on ERP implementation. A classic example of this was the story of Vanilla wherein each and every Nestle USA location had a different deal for vanilla price with the retailer, and the different locations were not even aware of this fact. (Ben, 2002) In spite of which subsidiary of Nestle is observed, the reasons and objectives for implanting ERP were the same. The goal involved grouping, synchronizing and merging all the operations of the firm despite of the distributed locations and nature of working. The ultimate objective was to increase revenue and to maintain the name of Nestle bran d in the highly competitive market. In addition to the mentioned goals, there was an essential necessity to unify and integrate all the company information so that the forecasting activities as well as different forms of data analyses could be done more easily. This would also lead to greater accuracy in deriving trends while doing market research and demand forecasting. Nestle USA did

The Battle as the Main Substance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Battle as the Main Substance - Assignment Example The following are the arguments that support this position. The battle analysis method was developed by the US Army Command and General Staff College to provide a format by which any military professional may find insight from historical battles and campaigns, in order to help deepen his or her understanding of warfare. It is intended to be a general guide for military personnel to ensure that significant actions or factors that affect the outcome of a battle or military operation are not overlooked (University of Southern Mississippi ROTC, p. 51). It is comprised of the following checklist: First, define the subject. This involves determining what, where, when, who and why about the study that is being undertaken. It is important to ascertain the date of the battle, its location, and the adversaries involved. This step involves looking for good sources of information such as books, articles, the Internet, and so forth. Second, set the stage (review the setting). From the mass of data, the information is reduced to the essentials among which are the strategic factors, the operational settings, and the tactical situation. In the latter, it is helpful to be guided by the OAKOC (observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key and decisive terrain, obstacles, and cover and concealment). Thirdly, describe the action. This step in the battle analysis is the main substance of what people consider military history. The battle should be studied chronologically, with the importance of progression of events derived in the analysis. First, the opening moves of the opposing forces in the battle should be examined, to determine which side gained the early advantage over the other. Detail should then be drawn for the major phases and the key events and decisions that turned the battle in favor of either side. Finally, the outcome should be stated: which party won the battle; what the objective was and whether the objective was attained or not; and what the long-term repercussions of the battle had been. Fourth, draw lessons learned (assess the significance). Lastly, the significance of the encounter should be assessed. This comprises the most important aspect of battle analysis. In this step, the information derived about the action is analyzed to yield important lessons for t he future. It involves relating causes of why something happened, to the effects of these events. The insights derived therein called the â€Å"constants of war† form part of the timeless lessons useful in future encounters (USM-ROTC, n.d.).  

Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Relief

Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Relief Please explore the economic implications of sovereign borrowing in a country of your choice. What are the pros and cons of conditionality and debt relief in that context? Introduction In this essay we will revise the theoretical framework of the advantages and disadvantages of both debt relief and conditionality in the context of sovereign borrowing in order to contrast it with the historical experience of Argentina. We will demonstrate, with a chronological view of the Argentinean debt that the first measures taken to resolve the problem of debt and service, in consonance with conditionality only worsen the situation that the country was facing. Following history, we will evaluate the beneficial results that came from a different set of plans arranged according to debt relief, reaching a point where the disadvantages where not suffered and the country could repay most of the obligations. To do so, we will start with a review of the conditionality theoretical framework in order to understand the possibilities for this type of arrangement comprehended by the academics. In this we will analyse the possibility of a negative impact on indebted economies, coming from the short term benefit that would come from designating the loan resources to increase consumption rather than investment. Secondly we will submit the academic theories on debt relief a similar review. In this case, it will be highlighted the contribution from Krugman (1988) that states how a relief may appear as a loss for the lenders, but in real terms facing the impossibility of payment, it would become a capital gain on terms of the initial landed amount In concordance with the theory, we will review in the last part, the negative impact that conditionality had in Argentina, leading the country to pursue consumption instead of investment and therefore submersing into further loans that could not repay, nor recourses to build the capacity for future payments. For the country this culminated in a period of crisis. On the other hand, we will see how the debt relief plans that the country benefited from after said crisis, would cause a strong and steady rate of repayment that terminated in beneficial terms for both parties, Argentinean government and various creditors. Conditionality A conditional loan would be expected to bring a wide variety of economic and political benefits to the destined country. For example steady and balanced growth rate, exchange rate stability, and an increase in the exports (Guitià ¡n, 1995) and ultimately resolving debt crisis and debt overhangs (Fafchamps, 1995). On the political side, if we realize that most economically poor countries face such a reality because of bad politics, it becomes extremely important to focus on reforming the political issues that led to that position. The IMF and World Bank possess the capacity to analyse beyond the economic factor and consequences of loans and determine, under their opinion, what would be the best path to follow for the objectives set for the credit. Lastly, conditional loans are commonly granted to countries that need to escape a specific rough situation, which means that it would probably need flexible or soft terms to be able to repay. For that Institutions like the previously mentio ned are better positioned to fill the demand without the debtor country being forced to accept unfavourable terms on a credit from another market actor (Sachs, 1988). On the other hand, conditionality can lead to worse scenarios like leading the country into a vicious circle of conditionality (Fafchamps, 1995). We must understand that the conditionality of a loan, overlaps with a States sovereignty, the idea that said state does not recognize a superior rule than his own. So ultimately, conditionality is a self-limitation of a State to a set of rules and a path pre-set by an international organization which is followed only by the good faith. To mitigate this, the lender can set a series of consequences and sanctions that may be applied to those countries that do not comply with the previously stated conditions, but still the nature of this types of loan is not comparable to a domestic one, between two individuals and regulated by internal law (Sachs, 1988). Therefore, the threat to cut the possibility of future lending is not strong enough. It is rational to think that, despite, a country that seeks to contract sovereign debt with an international organization, is concerned about their production and desires to increase it in order to boost the economy and assure the means to repay the loan. Yet mostly, the countries would be more politically benefited from increasing consumption than investment. In the short term, locating resources to investment could lead to a recession until industries are developed, risking the political stability and continuity of the current regime. Therefore, a government that was recently granted the capital requested, my turn its policies to expand consumption in an effort to gain power in the short term, but knowing that in the long, they will not be able to fulfil the services (Sachs, 1988). Debt Relief There is an enormous advantage, in theoretical terms, to debt relief. For a country that has a bigger of debt service than payment possibility, it is possible that the combination of a debt relief and an investment promoting policy will benefit both the creditor and the debtor. If we consider that the capacity of payment is dependent to the export capacity of a country, then an extra amount of money utilised to promote production and exports could boost the service in a certain time. Following this logic, if debtors are reduced part of the immediate debt service demanded to a quantity that leaves enough capital to execute the required movements to increase the exports then, in the future and as a result of debt relief, the total service capacity of the country is likely to increase in the future. Promoting as well the debtor production capacity and his possibilities on new loans (Krugman, 1988; Sachs, 1988). On the other hand, after debt relief, there is a high possibility that a country accumulate a similar amount of debt as the relieved in order to restore the ratio of net worth to GDP from before the original loan. Despite the fact that high-debt countries might show symptoms of decreasing production, relief can encourage new debt acquisition that would be toxic in the future to a debtor that is reducing its assets and with them, the capacity to repay the new services (Easterly, 2002). Another factor to take into account is the economic policies of the debtor country. Burnside and Dollar (2000) argue that aid only increases economic growth on countries with good policies, whether in those with bad ones, it creates little to no effect on growth. Debt relief are granted depending on the policies of a country that are considered to be improving to the best, but this favours the changes in policies and not quality of the policies. The criteria on the policies is measured by a contrast on their evolution. This provides a way to grant aid to countries with a bad set of policies that changed it for what is considered a good set, in order to get the aid. But without regarding the possibility that after granting it, the country will change back to increase their probabilities of future aid in the future by going back and forth on this motion (Burnside and Dollar, 2000). Finally, we should consider that a vicious circle could be constructed from the debt relief of a country and the consequent possibility of a new loan. Even though it might be clear that lending is not stimulating or increasing in any way the countrys capacity to export and therefore to pay services, creditors are inclined to provide new loans on the risk that a default will be declared and all their services remain unpaid (Easterly, 2002). The Argentinean case History The history of Argentinean debt dates back to the early XIX century, when the government of the city of Buenos Aires was granted a loan to finance the ongoing wars that would later determinate the political unity and territorial integrity of the country. After four years, the government declared a default that would last for another 29 years (Bruno, 2006). Moving forward to more recent times, it is possible to separate the history of Argentinean debt into three parts (Damil, Frenkel and Rapetti, 2005). Between 1977 and 1983, during the coup governments, in which the amount of the total debt increased by three times and service went from representing a 40% of exports to a 90%. By the mid-1970s the total debt was not bigger than 8.000 millions of U.S. dollars and that quantity rose to 45.000 million in 1983 (Kulfas and Schorr, 2003). During this time, liquidity was prominent in the U.S. banks due to the increase on the price of oil from 3 to 12 dollars between 1972 and 1974. Recourses provided by the contraction of this debt where wasted on unproductive imports such as armament, instead of being used to finance production and increase the countrys capacity to export (Carro, 2006). The second segment identified is from 1983 to 1990, characterised by the suspension of most public debt on the grounds of the illegality of those in power at the moment of receiving it. Democratic president Alfonsin, firmly stated that there was no reason to pay a debt from a de facto government that misused the financial resource in corrupt means. Alfonsin tried to renegotiate with de accreditors the debts and also tried to create an international union of Latin American Countries in debt to gain political power over the creditors. During this period, the amount owed rose a 44.8% (Carro, 2006). The last part from the 1990 to the year 2001 again centred in financial aperture and accelerated indebtedness promoted by president Menem and his Chicago School thinking (Damil, Frenkel and Rapetti, 2005). The country underwent a series of structural changes. In 1993 the Brady Plan was implemented. It had two central ideas. First it was clear that the indebted economies would not be able to repay if certain degree of it was relieved. Second, it proposes the IMF and the World Bank grant new loans to this countries to increase their productive capacity and in this way, generate the income needed to pay the remaining debt (Godoy Ortiz, Aspiroz, Aulita, Mason, Semino, Fonrouge and Zille, 2004). This plan was supposed to be the definitive solution to the debt, but instead it created a window to increase it, and without the proper control mechanisms on the quality of the spending, it had the same result as the one contracted in the 70s. On 2001, Argentina defaulted again (Kulfas and Schorr , 2003). In the following graph we can see how the Argentinean public debt evolved from 1993 to 2004. Source: Bleger. Del Sur hacia el Norte: Economà ­a polà ­tica del orden econà ³mico internacional. Emergente. In Deuda externa y soberanà ­a: anà ¡lisis y lecciones de la reciente reestructuracià ³n. 2007. CLACSO. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Conditionality vs Debt Relief Since 1990, the IMF scheduled more than 50 technical advisories missions. After the 2001 default, the organism started a study which concluded that the IMF had not had enough strength in the conditionality of previous agreements to enforce real change in the Argentinean economy and that led to such a disastrous conclusions (Bleger, 2007). Argentina defaulted because it could not really afford the services that where expected from the different debts contracted. The country had entered the vicious circle of conditionality, living from the international loans and debts without fomenting the industry enough to produce the expected return that would provide means for service payment (Sachs, 1985). Living on the shadow of recent coups that acted mainly as solution to economic crises no government was ready to face the political cost of investing and shortening consumption with the consequence of facing a recession. There were few years in between the military coups of democratic governments that tried to impulse production, but came to a violent end due to the economic pressures and resulted again in a second series of coups. That context led to the incitation to consumption that would led Argentina towards a dead end path on debt. At the start of his presidential term, Nestor Kirchner decided to seek a solution for the end the debt problem in Argentina. He divided the services into those who were to be payed fully, but negotiating a new schedule, and those to which a payment would be offered but with a considerable relieve. The first added up to a total of 62 billion U.S. dollars mainly composed by debts to international organizations and countries. The other part of the debt, was mainly to private investors and accumulated up to 82 billion plus interest from the default period (Carro, 2006). In 2003, an agreement was signed between Argentina and the IMF, under which for 3 years the services comprehended on such time would be subject to relief. After hard negotiations debt restructuration of the private sector was approved by a 76% of the total holders. In 2005 a new negotiation started with the IMF to try to set conditions for a new relief of future services on the remaining debt. From this we can see how Argentina has undergone the processes of conditionality and debt relief, in a chronological order and we can sustain that conditionality has not been a solution to the Argentinean debt, but rather has made the problem worse and led to the biggest default in history from the Latin American Government. On the other hand, debt relief appears to help the country get rid of the international financial obligations and not promote further indebtedness. Nevertheless it is still important to point out that Argentina remained outside of the debt market until 2015 and therefore it was not possible to acquire further loans up until then Conclusions This essay has analysed the advantages and disadvantages of conditionality and debt relief in the particular case of Argentinean sovereign borrowing to find that the first option did not lead to an improvement of the situation of the South American countries debt situation. On the contrary, and following the research done on the matter, the impact of conditionality terms on the 90s increase the debt contracted by the government but did not reduce the ratio nor increased the capacity of the nations economy to produce the means to pay it. A complete contrary result was obtained from the measures of relief granted to Argentina after the economic crash in the first years of this century. The management of debt during the Nestor Kirchner administration based on separation, restructuring, rescheduling and relief proved successful terminating on an acceptance of the 76% of the total debt under the new terms. Academics do warn about the possibility that debt relief measures may encourage to enter a vicious circle of acquiring more debt in hope of new reliefs. But as we can see, this was not the case for the South American country. In conclusion, for the particular case of Argentina, the alternative of conditionality did not lead to success, but rather performed as a perfect example of the risks and disadvantages that may come from said measures. On the other hand, debt relief came as a solution for the historical problem of the country on the matter of debt allowing for a restructuring and a fruitful solution for all parts involved. Although the impossibility to take new loans until 2015 must be considered. Bibliography    Barry, C. Tomitova, L. (2006), Fairness in Sovereign Debt, Social Research, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 649-694,736,0_3. Bleger, L. (2007). Del Sur hacia el Norte: Economà ­a polà ­tica del orden econà ³mico internacional. In CLACSO Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, Deuda externa y soberanà ­a: anà ¡lisis y lecciones de la reciente reestructuracià ³n. CLACSO. Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 171-182. Boeri, C. (2003), How to solve Argentinas debt crisis: Will the IMFs plan work?, Chicago Journal of International Law, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 245-255. Bruno, E.A. (2006), The Failure of Debt-Based Development: Lessons from Argentina, CATO Journal, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 357-365. Burnside, C., Dollar, D. (2000). Aid, Policies, and Growth. The American Economic Review, 90(4), 847-868. Calomiris C. W., (2003), Lessons from Argentina and Brazil, Columbia University Academic Commons. Carro, E. (2006). Historia y evolucià ³n de la deuda argentina. Estudios Carro. October. Cà ³rdoba, Argentina. Cordella, T. DellAriccia, G. (2002), Limits of conditionality in poverty reduction programs, IMF Staff Papers, vol. 49, pp. 68-86. Damill, M., Frenkel, R. Rapetti, M. (2005), Argentinas debt: history, default and restructuring, Desarrollo econà ³mico, vol. 45, no. 178, pp. 187-233. Datz, G. (2012), The Inextricable Link Between Sovereign Debt and Pensions in Argentina, 1993-2010, Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 101-126. Easterly W. (2002), How Did Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Become Heavily Indebted? Reviewing Two Decades of Debt Relief, World Development, Volume 30, Issue 10, Pages 1677-1696. Fafchamps, M. (1996), Sovereign debt, structural adjustment, and conditionality, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 313-335. Guitian, M. (1995), Conditionality: Past, present, future, International Monetary Fund.Staff Papers International Monetary Fund, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 792. Godoy Ortiz, A., Aspiroz, V., Aulita, C., Mason, A., Semino, S., Fonrouge, M. and Zille, A. (2004). Deuda Externa Argentina: Evolucion y Determinantes, Investigaciones Rodolfo Walsh. October. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Krugman, P.R. (1988), Financing vs. Forgiving a Debt Overhang, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, Cambridge. Kulfas, M. y Schorr, M. (2003): La deuda externa argentina. Diagnà ³sticos y lineamientos propositivos para su reestructuracià ³n, CIEPP/OSDE, 2003. Sachs, J.D. (1985), External debt and macroeconomic performance in Latin America and East Asia, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, , no. 2, pp. 523-573. Sachs, J.D. (1988). Conditionality, Debt relief and the Developing Country Debt Crisis. National Bureau of Academic Research. July. no. 2644.

Essay --

Born on 21 September 1866 in Bromley in Kent County, England, Herbert George Wells (H.G. Wells) was the youngest of 7 children of Joseph Wells and Sarah Neal. The Wells family deteriorated due to poverty and the marriage was not that happy; Joseph and Sarah would later live separately, though neither married another. (http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/) His father launched a fruitless store that sells glassware and cricket equipment. Herbert’s father was also a skilled cricket player who earned sufficient money to support his family by playing cricket professionally (http://www.egs.edu/library/herbert-george-wells/biography/). Wells was born to parents who tried but failed to escape their lower class statues. His father’s earnings as a professional cricket player was the only thing that is keeping them alive, but even this failed when he was handicapped in an accident. Because of this, Wells began his vain attempts to find a job. (http://www.war-ofthe-worlds.co.uk/h_g_wells.htm). Herbert was an avid reader at an early age but it would take some time before his skills as a writer were discovered. He went and studied in Thomas Morley’s Academy for several years before poverty forced him to drop out and look for a job. He became an apprentice to a draper, but Wells did not like his job and became a pupil-teacher at Midhurst Grammar School in 1883. When Herbert was granted a scholarship to the Normal School of Science in London, he became interested and began his studies in biology and Darwinian principles under Thomas Henry Huxley (http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/). Class became difficult for him, so he dropped out without a degree, and in 1888, moved to London University. He was given his degree in B.S. in Zoology i... ...ian ages of England into his view of the future if capitalism continues to prevail. Wells also included his knowledge of the Darwinian principles to further discredit capitalism (http://www.gradesaver.com/the-time-machine/study-guide/about/). Wells was able to optimize his usage of themes that are evident all throughout the novel. One of the dominant themes present in the novel was the severe discrimination of social classes. Wells grew up during the time where the upper class were harsh to the lower class, and Wells captured this in his novel. In the story, the Eloi made the Morlocks into their servants, wherein they became extremely dependent on them for their survival. Morlocks, in the other hand, are oppressed and they began to rebel against the Eloi (http://www.hyperink.com/Major-Themes-And-Symbols-In-The-Time-Machine-b930a15). Capitalism and communism Essay -- Born on 21 September 1866 in Bromley in Kent County, England, Herbert George Wells (H.G. Wells) was the youngest of 7 children of Joseph Wells and Sarah Neal. The Wells family deteriorated due to poverty and the marriage was not that happy; Joseph and Sarah would later live separately, though neither married another. (http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/) His father launched a fruitless store that sells glassware and cricket equipment. Herbert’s father was also a skilled cricket player who earned sufficient money to support his family by playing cricket professionally (http://www.egs.edu/library/herbert-george-wells/biography/). Wells was born to parents who tried but failed to escape their lower class statues. His father’s earnings as a professional cricket player was the only thing that is keeping them alive, but even this failed when he was handicapped in an accident. Because of this, Wells began his vain attempts to find a job. (http://www.war-ofthe-worlds.co.uk/h_g_wells.htm). Herbert was an avid reader at an early age but it would take some time before his skills as a writer were discovered. He went and studied in Thomas Morley’s Academy for several years before poverty forced him to drop out and look for a job. He became an apprentice to a draper, but Wells did not like his job and became a pupil-teacher at Midhurst Grammar School in 1883. When Herbert was granted a scholarship to the Normal School of Science in London, he became interested and began his studies in biology and Darwinian principles under Thomas Henry Huxley (http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/). Class became difficult for him, so he dropped out without a degree, and in 1888, moved to London University. He was given his degree in B.S. in Zoology i... ...ian ages of England into his view of the future if capitalism continues to prevail. Wells also included his knowledge of the Darwinian principles to further discredit capitalism (http://www.gradesaver.com/the-time-machine/study-guide/about/). Wells was able to optimize his usage of themes that are evident all throughout the novel. One of the dominant themes present in the novel was the severe discrimination of social classes. Wells grew up during the time where the upper class were harsh to the lower class, and Wells captured this in his novel. In the story, the Eloi made the Morlocks into their servants, wherein they became extremely dependent on them for their survival. Morlocks, in the other hand, are oppressed and they began to rebel against the Eloi (http://www.hyperink.com/Major-Themes-And-Symbols-In-The-Time-Machine-b930a15). Capitalism and communism